A new method of converting squalene, which is produced by microalgae, to gasoline or jet fuel, has been developed by the research group of Professor Keiichi Tomishige and Dr. Yoshinao Nakagawa from Tohoku University's Department of Applied Chemistry, and Dr. Hideo Watanabe from the University of Tsukuba.

This study is part of a research project titled 'Next-generation energies for Tohoku recovery. Task 2: R and D on using algae biofuels.' The project attempts to make use of oil-producing algae in wastewater treatment. The result will help to expand the utilization of oil that is produced from wastewater.

This new method uses a highly dispersed ruthenium catalyst supported on cerium oxide. Squalane - which is easily obtained from squalene - reacts with hydrogen over this catalyst, producing smaller hydrocarbons. The produced hydrocarbons are composed of only branched alkanes with simple distribution and do not contain toxic aromatics. These molecules have high stability and low freezing points. These features are very different from the hydrocarbons obtained by conventional petroleum refinery.

1. Background
Biofuels have attracted much attention because of the declining amount of fossil fuels around the world and the rise of global warming. Some algae produce more oil than terrestrial plants, so they are a promising source of oil.

Recently, Professor Makoto M. Watanabe and his team at the University of Tsukuba discovered a heterotrophic alga Aurantiochytrium 18W-13a strain (Fig. 1, left) which very rapidly produces squalene (Fig. 1, right) from organics in water.

In March 2011, the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake hit the Sendai area, destroying the city's wastewater treatment system. In the aftermath, Tohoku University, the University of Tsukuba and Sendai City got together to develop a next-generation wastewater treatment system which cleans wastewater and produces oil simultaneously.

Squalene is a 'heavy oil' range of hydrocarbon. It is currently gathered from deep sea sharks and used as a component of cosmetics. However, wastewater-derived squalene is not suitable for such sensitive uses and has little demand. Most uses of oil, such as gasoline and jet fuels, require reforming. This study focuses on the development of the reforming method most suited to algal oil.

2. Achievement of this study
The developed method uses a catalyst with cerium oxide support and ruthenium metal particles. The catalyst was prepared by mildly decomposing the ruthenium precursor at 300 degrees Celcius under inert atmosphere after impregnation. This procedure led to sub-nanometer-sized ruthenium particles supported on cerium oxide.

Squalane, which is easily obtained by the hydrogenation of squalene, was treated with this catalyst and hydrogen at 60 atm and 240 degrees Celcius to produce smaller hydrocarbons. This reaction did not produce toxic aromatics at all. The C-C bonds located between the methyl branches were selectively dissociated, and branched alkanes were produced without the loss of branches (Fig. 2).

Branched hydrocarbons are good components for gasoline and jet fuels because of the high octane number, low freezing point and good stability. Other noble metal catalysts were also tested, but the results were inferior to the sub-nanometer-sized ruthenium on cerium oxide catalyst in terms of activity and selectivity.

The conventional catalyst, the combination of platinum and strong solid acid, produces a very complex mixture of products because of acid-catalyzed isomerization. In this catalyst system, the deposition of carbonaceous solid on the catalyst is negligible, while it is often problematic in many catalytic reactions in petroleum refinery. The catalyst was reusable 4 times without loss of performance.

This catalytic system makes good use of the squalene's branched structure, while conventional methods are suitable to straight-chain molecules in petroleum. In the future, this catalytic conversion method can be applied to real wastewater samples and other important algal hydrocarbons, such as those from Botryococcus braunii.

The detailed results of the research will be published in June by Wiley VCH in their journal ChemSusChem. Research team: Shin-ichi Oya, Daisue Kanno, Hideo Watanabe, Masazumi Tamura, Yoshinao Nakagawa and Keiichi Tomishige Title: Catalytic Production of Branched Small Alkanes from Biohydrocarbons Publication: ChemSusChem (IF = 7.117) DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500375, publication date: June 2015.