Sun Guofeng, formerly head of the monetary policy department at the People's Bank of China, exchanged information for bribes totalling 21 million yuan ($3 million), according to financial news site Caixin, citing a document released by prosecutors.
Sun also used inside information about a Shanghai-listed company to make gains on the stock market, according to Caixin.
The 51-year-old was investigated last year on suspicion of "serious violations of discipline and law", a byword for alleged corruption.
Sun was sentenced to 16 years and six months in prison, Caixin and several Chinese media reported on Thursday, citing judicial authorities.
The sentence, one of the heaviest for this type of case, comes as China's financial sector is increasingly in the crosshairs of President Xi Jinping's vast anti-corruption campaign.
Those placed under investigation are usually convicted.
Last month, Sun Deshun, the former president of the state-owned China Citic Bank, was sentenced to life in prison for illegally receiving property valued at over $130 million.
Also in November, the Communist Party announced that Zhang Hongli, previously the vice chief of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) -- one of China's biggest state-owned banks -- was under investigation for suspected corruption.
Li Xiaopeng, the former boss of China's state-owned banking giant Everbright Group was arrested on charges of taking bribes in October.
Xi has waged a sweeping campaign against deep-seated official corruption since coming to power a decade ago.
Proponents say the policy promotes clean governance, while critics say it helps Xi purge political rivals.
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