The centre -- IBM's first outside the United States, and located in Ehningen, near Stuttgart -- will allow dozens of European companies and research institutes to gain access to its quantum systems.
While still in its early stages, scientists believe that super-fast quantum computing will eventually be able to power innovation in a range of fields, from smarter encryption software to artificial intelligence.
Scholz hailed the data centre as "good news for Germany", adding that Europe's biggest economy needs such "key technologies".
"It is precisely these future fields where we have to be at the forefront, where we must not be dependent on others," he said.
Quantum research is seen as a critical field and both the United States and China have been investing heavily in the area, while Washington has also placed restrictions on the export of the sensitive technology.
Olivier Ezratty, an independent expert in quantum technologies, told AFP that private and public investment in the field have totalled around $20 billion worldwide over the past five years.
The centre in Germany consists of two quantum computers linked to quantum processors. One of the computers at the site was inaugurated in 2021 by Scholz's predecessor, Angela Merkel, and was the first in Germany.
- Mind-boggling speed -
Quantum computers can process complex information at a mind-boggling speed and should eventually vastly outperform even the most powerful of today's conventional computers.
Regular computers function in binary fashion: they carry out tasks using tiny fragments of data known as bits that are only ever either expressed as 1 or 0.
But fragments of data on a quantum computer, known as qubits, can be both 1 and 0 at the same time -- allowing them to crunch an enormous number of potential outcomes simultaneously.
The quantum computers at the German site are vast metal stacks and other components connected via a mass of wiring, and bear no resemblance to regular computers.
IBM already has 250 customers worldwide who are testing its quantum computers to develop applications in various areas.
The US firm has been seeking to develop the technology for 20 years in competition with other tech companies such as Google, Amazon and Microsoft, as well as research labs and start-ups.
Companies that will have access to IBM's quantum systems via the new data centre include German auto titan Volkswagen and technology group Bosch.
Nikolai Ardey, executive director from Volkswagen's innovation unit, said quantum computing could "solve problems in material science, traffic optimisation, or deep learning".
The data centre "represents an indispensable piece of the bridge between quantum computers and industrial applications at scale," he added.
IBM says it is confident that it will be able to provide clients with a quantum computer able to run cutting-edge applications by 2029.
But the technology still has some way to go. A main challenge is to reduce the rate of errors that systems produce, which experts say is still too high.
By the end of the year the German data centre should host IBM's latest quantum system, called Heron, which the firm says will run with reduced error rates and a 25-fold increase in speed from its predecessor.
"In certain aspects... the Heron system is the most advanced today," said independent expert Ezratty.
In addition IBM has built up a large ecosystem of companies and institutions which "are already testing their tools on an experimental scale", he said.
But he cautioned that the error rate was still too high "to perform useful calculations on a large scale".
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