Jihadists have killed 45 people around the Iraqi town of Hawija in the nearly three months since the government declared its "liberation" from the Islamic State group, police said Tuesday.

The Iraqi government declared victory at the start of October over IS jihadists in Hawija, their last urban stronghold in the country located about 300 kilometres (185 miles) north of Baghdad.

Since then, "at least 45 members of the security forces and civilians have been killed in IS attacks," said a senior police officer in Kirkuk province.

Over the same period, "the Hashed al-Shaabi pro-government militia, police and paramilitary units have killed 288 jihadists and arrested another 55," the officer told AFP.

Iraqi military expert Sarmad al-Bayati said the presence of the jihadists "still represents a real threat to the region".

Bayati said the IS extremists hide during day but "have total control of certain areas at night."

According to jihadist expert Hisham al-Hashemi, around 3,000 members of the Iraqi security forces were stretched thin over 18,000 square kilometres (6,950 square miles) -- an area larger than Kuwait.

Bayati said the jihadists were still carrying out "attacks and kidnappings and because of that, many displaced people are refusing to return home".

A senior police official who spoke to AFP on condition of anonymity said Iraqi forces had "concentrated on the town and main roads during the operation to liberate Hawija".

"Some jihadists surrendered" during the assault but others took refuge in the Hamrin mountains, valleys and underground hideouts, the official added.

Those who stayed behind had no other choice but to fight to the death, according to an Iraqi army general who also wanted to remain anonymous.

They "threaten residents who have family members in the security forces or who provide information to the troops. They have already killed several," said the general.

General Ali Omran, commander of operations in Kirkuk province, said on Monday that seven IS jihadists had been shot dead after killing six Hashed fighters, including a commander and his son.

A day before, a senior officer told AFP a tribal leader commanding a group of fighters and his wife had been killed at a jihadist "roadblock" between Kirkuk and Hawija.

On December 9, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi proclaimed victory in the three-year war to expel the jihadists from Iraq, a declaration that experts say was premature.

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