Nature has inspired generations of people, offering a plethora of different materials for innovations. One such material is the molecule of the heritage, or DNA, thanks to its unique self-assembling properties. Researchers at the Nanoscience Center (NSC) of the University of Jyvaskyla and BioMediTech (BMT) of the University of Tampere have now demonstrated a method to fabricate electronic devices by using DNA.

The DNA itself has no part in the electrical function, but acts as a scaffold for forming a linear, pearl-necklace-like nanostructure consisting of three gold nanoparticles. The research was funded by the Academy of Finland.

The nature of electrical conduction in nanoscale materials can differ vastly from regular, macroscale metallic structures, which have countless free electrons forming the current, thus making any effect by a single electron negligible. However, even the addition of a single electron into a nanoscale piece of metal can increase its energy enough to prevent conduction.

This kind of addition of electrons usually happens via a quantum-mechanical effect called tunnelling, where electrons tunnel through an energy barrier. In this study, the electrons tunnelled from the electrode connected to a voltage source, to the first nanoparticle and onwards to the next particle and so on, through the gaps between them.

"Such single-electron devices have been fabricated within the scale of tens of nanometres by using conventional micro- and nanofabrication methods for more than two decades," says Senior Lecturer Jussi Toppari from the NSC. Toppari has studied these structures already in his PhD work.

"The weakness of these structures has been the cryogenic temperatures needed for them to work. Usually, the operation temperature of these devices scales up as the size of the components decreases. Our ultimate aim is to have the devices working at room temperature, which is hardly possible for conventional nanofabrication methods - so new venues need to be found."

Modern nanotechnology provides tools to fabricate metallic nanoparticles with the size of only a few nanometres. Single-electron devices fabricated from these metallic nanoparticles could function all the way up to room temperature. The NSC has long experience of fabricating such nanoparticles.

"After fabrication, the nanoparticles float in an aqueous solution and need to be organised into the desired form and connected to the auxiliary circuitry," explains researcher Kosti Tapio. "DNA-based self-assembly together with its ability to be linked with nanoparticles offer a very suitable toolkit for this purpose."

Gold nanoparticles are attached directly within the aqueous solution onto a DNA structure designed and previously tested by the involved groups. The whole process is based on DNA self-assembly, and yields countless of structures within a single patch. Ready structures are further trapped for measurements by electric fields.

"The superior self-assembly properties of the DNA, together with its mature fabrication and modification techniques, offer a vast variety of possibilities," says Associate Professor Vesa Hytonen.

Electrical measurements carried out in this study demonstrated for the first time that these scalable fabrication methods based on DNA self-assembly can be efficiently utilised to fabricate single-electron devices that work at room temperature.

The research builds on a long-term multidisciplinary collaboration between the research groups involved. In addition to the above persons, Dr Jenni Leppiniemi (BMT), Boxuan Shen (NSC), and Dr Wolfgang Fritzsche (IPHT, Jena, Germany) contributed to the research. The study was published on 13 October 2016 in Nano Letters. Collaborative travel funding was obtained from DAAD in Germany.