A group of scientists from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; the University of California, Santa Barbara; Sandia National Laboratories and Harvard University were able to fabricate tiny lasers directly on silicon - a huge breakthrough for the semiconductor industry and well beyond.

For more than 30 years, the crystal lattice of silicon and of typical laser materials could not match up, making it impossible to integrate the two materials - until now.

As the group reports in Applied Physics Letters, from AIP Publishing, integrating subwavelength cavities - the essential building blocks of their tiny lasers - onto silicon enabled them to create and demonstrate high-density on-chip light-emitting elements.

To do this, they first had to resolve silicon crystal lattice defects to a point where the cavities were essentially equivalent to those grown on lattice-matched gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrates. Nano-patterns created on silicon to confine the defects made the GaAs-on-silicon template nearly defect free and quantum confinement of electrons within quantum dots grown on this template made lasing possible.

The group was then able to use optical pumping, a process in which light, rather than electrical current, "pumps" electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher level, to show that the devices work as lasers.

"Putting lasers on microprocessors boosts their capabilities and allows them to run at much lower powers, which is a big step toward photonics and electronics integration on the silicon platform," said professor Kei May Lau, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

Traditionally, the lasers used for commercial applications are quite large - typically 1 mm x 1 mm. Smaller lasers tend to suffer from large mirror loss.

But the scientists were able to overcome this issue with "tiny whispering gallery mode lasers - only 1 micron in diameter - that are 1,000 times shorter in length, and 1 million times smaller in area than those currently used," said Lau.

Whispering gallery mode lasers are considered an extremely attractive light source for on-chip optical communications, data processing and chemical sensing applications.

"Our lasers have very low threshold and match the sizes needed to integrate them onto a microprocessor," Lau pointed out. "And these tiny high-performance lasers can be grown directly on silicon wafers, which is what most integrated circuits (semiconductor chips) are fabricated with."

In terms of applications, the group's tiny lasers on silicon are ideally suited for high-speed data communications.

"Photonics is the most energy-efficient and cost-effective method to transmit large volumes of data over long distances. Until now, laser light sources for such applications were 'off chip' - missing - from the component," Lau explained. "Our work enables on-chip integration of lasers, an [indispensable] component, with other silicon photonics and microprocessors."

The researchers expect to see this technology emerge in the market within 10 years.

Next, the group is "working on electrically pumped lasers using standard microelectronics technology," Lau said.

The article, "Sub-wavelength InAs quantum dot micro-disk lasers epitaxially grown on exact Si (001) substrates," is authored by Yating Wan, Qiang Li, Alan Liu, Weng W. Chow, Arthur C. Gossard, John E. Bowers, Evelyn L. Hu and Kei May Lau. The article appeared in the journal Applied Physics Letters on May 31, 2016 [DOI: 10.1063/1.4952600]